职称英语《卫生B》专项试题及答案(2)
part C
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Medical Education
In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.
Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私营的 ) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (开业医师) that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1,424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(联络) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship ( 实习期 ) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
1. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.
A. did not exist
B. were few in number
C. were better than those in Europe
D. were known for their teaching hospitals
2. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.
A. had established professionals
B. had good facilities
C. had high standards
D. were in poor conditions
3. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.
A. recruit more students
B. set up more schools of medicine
C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice
D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits
4. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.
A. if they have worked in a laboratory
B. if they have studied abroad for some time
C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree
D. if they have passed an examination
5. This passage is mainly about __________.
A. how medicine is taught in America
B. how medical education has developed in America
C. how the American educational system works
D. how one can become a good doctor
答案与解析
part A
1. C。细节题。题干：研究的目标是发现新的 *** 来 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此项研究的goal，即aim，这便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2. D。细节题。题干：研究者收集了下列东西，除了 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第四段。第四项应该是“参加研究的妇女及其婴儿家中的空气与水等物质”，而
不是“医院中的空气与水”。
3. A。细节题。题干：通过研究，国家的医疗费用期望可以 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第六段，即预计从长远的角度讲，此项研究将有利于节约国家卫生保健费用的开支。
4. B。细节题。题干：参与者的婴儿会被跟踪调查 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短。文的倒数第三段，即这些婴儿将从出生前一直被跟踪到21岁。
5. D。细节题。题干：下列关于研究参与者的说法哪一项是不正确的?利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。前三项在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，因为研究对象都是怀孕的妇女，不可能是所有年龄段的人们。
part B
1. A。细节题。题干：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?利用题干关键词可以定位到之一段：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能轻易地毁灭生命。
2. D。细节题。题干：Wignall是如何计算出远古火山爆发的杀伤力的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the“killing efficiency”for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.(他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤力)。
3. D。细节题。题干：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.(他没有提及6500万年前恐龙的灭绝，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响)。
4. D。细节题。题干：从第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有争议的。
5. B。主旨题。问题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的之一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破坏力)。
part C
1. B。细节题。题干：在18世纪的美国，教授医学的'高等学习机构 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章之一段，可知在18世纪的美国，医学院校寥寥无几。如果有人想当医生，就要跟专业人员私下学，或者出国学习。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式开设医学课程。
2. D。细节题。题干：最初多数的私营医学院 __________。利用题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则和题干关键词可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的私营医学院校大都标准不高，设备较差。
3. C。细节题：AMA and AAMC设立了标准，以便 __________。利用题干中的专有名词可以定位到文章第二段的最后一句，即AMA与AAM制订了一系列标准，以保证医学教学与实践的质量。
4. D。细节题。经过一年实习的毕业生可以开始 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章的最后一段，即医学毕业生经过一年的实习期后，要通过州或国家的相关考试，方可获取行医执照。
5. B。主旨题。题干：这篇文章主要是关于 __________。从文章的题目和内容可知，全文重点探讨的是美国医学教育的历史沿革。
求2012职称英语A级考试试题及一些历年真题，谢谢！
之一部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. He shifted his position a little in order to (alleviate) the pain in his leg.
control B. easy C. experience D. suffer
2. Our aim was to (update) the health service, and we succeeded.
offer B. provide C. modernize D. fund
3. She moves from one (exotic) location to another.
unusual B. familiar C. similar D. proper
4. Nothing would (induce) me to vote for him again.
teach B. help C. discourage D. attract
5. The photographs (evoked) strong memories of our holiday in France.
refreshed B. stored C. blocked D. erased
6. The weather was (crisp) and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.
hot B. heavy C. fresh D. windy
7. Every week the magazine presents the (profile) of a well-known sports personality.
success B. description C. evidence D. plan
8. Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely.
slightly B. completely C. partly D. faintly
9. The walls are made of (hollow) concrete blocks.
A . big B. empty C. long D. now
10. We almost (ran into) a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling.
A. overtook B. hit C. passed D. found
11. When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldn’t resist having a (peep) look.
chance B. visit C. look D. try
12. He has been granted (asylum) in France.
A. power B. relief C. protection D. license
13. He was (weary) of the constant battle between them.
A. fond B. tired C. proud D. afraid
14. Newborn babies can (discriminate) between a man’s and a woman`s voice.
A. treat B. distinguish C. express D. *** yzes
15. All the flats in the building had the same (layout) arrangement.
A. color B. size C. function D. arrangement
答案：
alleviate—ease
update—modernize
exotic—unusual
induce—attract
evoked—refreshed
crisp—fresh
profile—description
utterly—completely
hollow—empty
ran into—hit
peep—look
asylum—protection
weary—tired
discriminate—distinguish
layout—arrangement
第二部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
In Sports, Red is the Winning Color
When opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study.
British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham reached that conclusion by studying the outcomes of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresting, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.
In each event Olympic staff randomly assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to compe *** s. When otherwise equally matched with their opponent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to win the bout.
"Where there was a large point difference—presumably because one contestant was far superior to the other—color had no effect on the outcome," Barton said. "Where there was a *** all point difference, the effect of color was sufficient to tip the balance."
In equally matched bouts, the preponderance of red wins was great enough that it could not be attributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Barton found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 international soccer tournament. Their report will be published in tomorrow's issue of the journal Nature.
Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found similar results in nature. Her work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.
The finding that red also has an advantage in human sporting events does not surprise her, addding that "the idea of the study is very clever."
Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in the evolution of sexual signals in primates—"red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance and *** levels," Barton said.
For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate researcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that red plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches increase the birds' dominance.
Barton said he and Hill speculated some speculated that "there might be a similar effect in humans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporting contests."
The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection may have influenced the evolution of humans' response to color.
Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. "As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and pale when we're scared. These are very important signals to other individuals," she said.
The advantage of red may be intuitively known, judging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sports—"though it is clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least," Barton said.
He adds that the finding of red's advantage might have implications for regulations that govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may have reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage.
"That is the implication, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case," Barton said.
Meanwhile, Setchell noted—tongue-in-cheek—that a red advantage may not be limited to sports. "Going by the recent [U.S.] election results, red is indeed quite successful," she said.
16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcome of sports matched.
17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates.
18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.
19. Red is not an advantage for zebra finches.
20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.
22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sports uniforms.
答案：16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sports matches.
答案为A(right).
相关句：They (Hill and Barton) …reached the conclusion by studying the outcomes of boxing…
The outcomes 回应上文中提到的“the team dressed in red is more likely to win”
17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目).
答案为A(right).
相关句：Hill and Barton got the idea for the study from a mutual interest in primates.
18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.
19. Red is not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀).
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male Zebra females, which increased the bird’s success in finding a mate.
20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
答案为C(not mentioned).
21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.
答案为A(right).
相关句：Across a range of sports, we find that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability of winning.
22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sport uniforms.
答案为C(not mentioned)
相关句：the discovery of red’s advantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.
第三部分：概括大意和完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个更佳选项。
How technology pushes down price
The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 after a war between the English and Dutch in which the English were worsted, gave the Dutch the big prize: Run, a *** all island in the Indonesian archipelago which was the world's principal source of nutmeg. The margin on nutmeg at the time was around 3,200%. The English, as a consolation prize, got Manhattan. As an illustration of the long-term fall in food prices compared with other goods, that is a sharp one. But deflation has characterized the food business for centuries, because of continual advances in food production and distribution technology.
Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. Malthusians, whose descendants until quite recently predicted that the world would run out of food, have thereby been confounded. More and more food is being produced by fewer and fewer people with less and less capital; it is therefore ever more plentiful and cheaper. Since demand is to some extent limited by the size of people's stomachs, spending on food compared with other goods has been falling for many years, and continues to drop (see chart 4).
Genetically modified (GM) seeds are the latest manifestation of a production revolution that started with Charles “Turnip” Townsend, who in the 18th century laid the basis for crop rotation. Organic fertilisers were replaced by chemical ones in the 19th century. The railway opened up the American mid-west. The horse replaced the cow, the combine harvester the horse. After the second world war, dwarf varieties of wheat and rice (which overcame the problem that heavily fertilised crops in hot countries grew too tall and fell over) boosted developing-country output. The “green revolution” helped trigger a more recent “livestock revolution”, documented by Chris Delgado, who works jointly for the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Livestock Research Institute. Higher incomes and urbanisation, combined with falling food prices, have boosted meat and milk consumption in developing countries. By 1997, real beef prices were a third their level in 1971. Over that period, meat consumption in developing countries rose five-fold, three times as fast as in developed countries. Milk consumption rose three-fold.By the 1980s, advances in conventional plant breeding had tailed off, but GM made it possible to do things with DNA that conventional breeding could not do. Despite scaremongering in Europe, GM technology is spreading elsewhere: most of the world's soya is now GM.Producing lots of food is not much good unless you can distribute it, so advances in distribution technology have been as important as those in production technology. Salt, used to preserve food, which meant that it could be stored and traded, was an early aid to distribution. Canning arrived in the early 19th century, when a Frenchman discovered that food could be stored longer if it was heated before it was bottled, and a Briton worked out that tin cans were easier to transport than bottles; and both the British and the French armies used the technology to feed their troops in the Napoleonic wars.Francis Bacon, a British scientist and essayist, was an early victim of the struggle to develop refrigeration technology: he died in 1626 after eating some chicken that he had stuffed with snow as part of an experiment. In 1877 the first shipload of frozen beef was carried from Argentina to France. The impact on the food industry of the spread of the domestic refrigerator in the 20th century was rivalled only by that of the car, which changed the face of retailing by allowing supermarkets to develop. Supermarkets have helped push down prices principally because of their scale. Big businesses can invest in IT systems that make them efficient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. The more concentrated the retail business becomes, the bigger supermarkets get, the further prices get pushed down until, of course, there is so much concentration that there is not enough competition. Britain's Competition Commission indicated earlier this year that the supermarket industry was moving towards that point: it refused to let any of the top three supermarket chains buy one of the *** aller players. In America, however, where the size of the country means a more fragmented retail business, there is still scope for further concentration: the “black death”, as Wal-Mart is known in the trade, is expected to claim more victims. Wal-Mart's scale, the efficiency of its IT systems and the cheapness of its non-unionised labour force ($8-10 an hour compared with $17-18 for mid-sized players such as Albertsons, A hold, Safeway and Kroger), give it a massive advantage. It sells Colgate toothpaste for an average of 63% of its compe *** s' price, Tropicana orange juice for 58% and Kellogg's Corn Flakes for 56%. Analysts expect at least one of the mid-sized firms to disappear.The concentration of power among retailers has led to another stage in the shift in power down the food chain. Once upon a time, power lay with landlords. In the 20th century, as processing and distribution became more important, so did the food producers. Lord Haskins, Tony Blair's adviser on farming, recalls going to food industry conferences in the 1970s, when there would be a line of Rolls-Royces outside, all belonging to producers.
Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chainNo longer. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chain. But the retailers are not the type to swank around in flash cars. They are ostentatiously parsimonious, advertising their determination to keep prices down. Wal-Mart's headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, is in a converted warehouse. Tesco, Britain's biggest private-sector employer, has its headquarters in a Stalinist bunker in a nasty bit of north-east London. Beside the main reception its share price is proudly displayed on one of those blackboards with white plastic letters stuck on to it that you see in the cheapest sandwich bars. One of the manifestations of retailers' power (which also reinforces it) is the growth of private-label (ie, supermarket- not producer-branded) goods. In 2002, according to the Boston Consulting Group, own-label made up 39% of grocery sales in Britain, 21% in France and only 16% in the United States, but everybody thinks that, as retailing becomes more concentrated, America is going the way of Britain. Retailers can sell private-label only if the price cuts they offer mean more to consumers than a producer's brand. As own-label has expanded, so supermarkets have been taking all but the most successful brands off their shelves. “If you are a must-have brand it's fine,” says Dido Harding, Tesco's commercial director. “If you're a sub-global brand, life's much harder.”The shift in power to retailers has put pressure on producers' margins, hence huge programmes of cuts. Since 2000, Uni-lever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury is the latest to announce big cuts: in October it said that it will be shutting 20% of its 133 factories and cutting 10% of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts should help keep costs, and thus the price of food, low.Does cheap food make people unhealthy? In some ways. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, for instance—vegetable fat made solid by adding hydrogen atoms—is the nutritionists' current bête noire. Widely used as a cheap substitute for butter and cream, it is the main dietary source of trans fats. Trans fats are heavily implicated in heart disease; companies are taking them out of products for fear of lawsuits.Cheap food may also make people eat more. In a paper entitled “Why have Americans become more obese?” David Cutler, Jesse Shapiro and Edward Glaeser, a group of Harvard economists, note that, among OECD countries, obesity is correlated to the level of regulation: the more food laws, the more protected local producers are, the harder it is to import technology, the slimmer people tend to be. They reckon that is because of price: the less regulated a country, the cheaper a Big Mac tends to be. But it could be another factor: heavily regulated countries might, for instance, be places with stronger family ties where real meals have survived and people eat fewer snacks and less fast food.
Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better dealFood companies certainly think giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. That is why portions have been getting larger and larger. In America, soft drinks, which used to come in 8oz and then 12oz containers now come in 20oz ones. As Dennis Lombardi of Technomic, a food-industry consultancy in Chicago, points out, giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better deal. “If I can give you an 8oz portion for $7, I can give you a 12oz portion for $8. The only incremental cost to me is the food, which probably cost 25 cents.” Everybody, therefore, has done it.Scientists have shown that portion size partly determines how much people eat. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, fed subjects macaroni cheese, some in 2.5-cup portions, some in 5-cup portions. The ones with the big portions ate 27% more, on average, than those with *** all portions but did not report feeling any fuller. Brian Wansink at the University of Illinois found that if you give movie-goers an extra-large bucket of popcorn, they eat nearly half as much again as if you give them the next size down, even if the popcorn is stale.Now companies are under pressure to stop selling people more for less. But it is a hard trend to reverse, as Mr Lombardi points out. “How about I give you a third less food for $1 less? I don't think so.”
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
A. Huge retailers force producers to cunt costs
B. Consumers like supermarkets
C. Technology helps reduce food prices
D. Food comes cheaper in larger portions
E. Chain stores provide better service
F. Bigger supermarkets offer lower prices
27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices because they can buy in___
28. Some food producers have reduced___
29. Besides cutting its workforce, unilever also abandoned its___
30. Buyers like bigger portion because they think they have got___
A. their workforce
B. huge portions
C. large quantities
D. their money
E. a good barging
F. minor brands
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职称英语一般会考哪些原题
您好！考试宝为您解答：
职称英语的考试阅读题目经常会在当年人事出版社的职称英语教材用书找到原有的文章.
一般情况下职称英语考试会从人事出版社教材中出30分左右的原题。主要分布在词汇部分（大约8-10道小题）、阅读理解（1篇文章，占15分）、完形填空（15分），但出原题的时候可能会在试题上做一些变化，文章是不会有变化的。所以，要以教材为主，若有时间可以用练习册上的试题作为练习用。
近年来职称英语考试即便出书中原题，文章虽不变但后面题目都会做调整，完型填空也会有变化。考试宝建议考生把书上这三个会出原题的部分看完，然后再把其它内容也看一看这样以不变应万变，做到原题心中有数，不论职称英语考试试题如何变化都能稳稳拿下。
工程师职称英语考试都考些什么
你好，
在这个网址可以看到考试大纲。
2014年考试内容与试卷结构
之一部分 词汇选项（四选一），15分。给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
第二部分 阅读判断（三选一），7分。1篇短文（300~450词），给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断（正、误、没有直接或间接提到）。
第三部分 概况大意与完成句子（选择搭配），8分。1篇短文（300~450词）分两部分：1.概况大意（6选4）2.完成句子（6选4）。
第四部分 阅读理解（四选一），45分。3篇文章，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个更佳答案。
第五部分 补全短文（选择搭配）10分。1篇短文（300~450词） 短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置（6选5）。
第六部分 完型填空（四选一），15分。1篇短文（300~450词） 短文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者从中选出1个更佳答案。
职称英语考试大纲规定有两个大题出自教材（完形填空和一个阅读理解，共30分），不过有时会把原题做部分调整，比如我那年考试中：阅读理解把题目中的4个选项的位置调换了，完形填空把挖的空的位置更换了，所以复习时要注意，知道每篇阅读理解的大致意思，然后记住考试选项的意思，完形填空更好把文章背下来。考试中一般是选自教材中当年新增的内容（但并不是历年都这样，只是说你若没时间复习那只好先看新增的了）。另外就是之一大题词汇选项的15分，这个是可以通过查字典完成的，不过考前更好多做几年的真题练习一下，不然考试时间可能会来不及。我是前两年考的理工A，根据辅导课整理的一些答题技巧等资料，各级别的职称英语考试可以参考，你若需要可以提供邮箱号我上传给你。
祝你考试顺利通过。
全国职称英语考试
有人觉得难，有人觉得不难＾＾
总得来说不算难啦。
职称英语类别三类：综合、理工和卫生。每类有三个级别，即A、B、C级。
根据你所评的职称来选择要报的类别和级别。
关于职称英语具体的介绍你可以到外语教育网的职称英语报考指南里查一下。
有明白的地方可以去论坛里的“职称英语有问必答”栏目里问，班竹还是很热心解答的＾＾
职称英语考试真题哪儿有
外语敎育网职称英语栏目有2002年-2010年历年的真题下载，请参考。
P.S.：还附有真题解析哦
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